Disease Is A Severe Haemorrhagic Disease Affecting Ruminants

Bluetongue disease is a severe haemorrhagic disease affecting ruminants, mainly sheep, which is caused by the Bluetongue virus (BTV). The Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) strain has the ability to transmit transplacentally in pregnant ruminants, a characteristic rarely reported in other serotypes. Prior to the emergence of BTV-8 in Europe in 2006, other serotypes of BTV have been present in Europe for more than ten years but there has been no evidence of transplacental transmission in these strains. The purpose of the journal article is to verify whether transplacental transmission is exclusive to BTV-8. The incidence and pathological effect of transplacental transmission of BTV-8 was compared to BTV-1. At approximately 70-75 days gestation, nine pregnant ewes were infected with BTV-8, another nine pregnant ewes were inouculated with BTV-1, and two other ewes acted as the untreated control. Field strains were used for preparation of both BTV strains. The strains were isolated on embryonated chicken eggs (ECE) before being passed twice on mammalian cells. The presence of BTV in the bloodstream was monitored by taking blood samples. 29 days after the inoculation, all the ewes were euthanized. Then, the ewes and foetuses were examined for signs of pathological changes and the presence of BTV. The results showed that BTV-8 was present in 12 foetuses (43%) from 5 ewes (56%). On the other hand, BTV-1 was found in 14 foetuses (82%) from 6 ewes (67%). Most of the pathological

Essay DiGeorge Syndrome- A Genetic Disorder - 952 Words

A genetic disorder, such as DiGeorge syndrome, is an illness caused by one or more abnormalities, which can be passed down through parents, DNA, or mutations. DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) is a rare type of a genetic disorder which is caused by the deletion of chromosome 22. DiGeorge syndrome affects many parts of the body and has a prevalence of 1: 4000 The signs and symptoms of DiGeorge syndrome vary from mild to severe. Symptoms can differ depending on how highly the affected areas are and the severity of those defects. Some signs of symptoms can be noticed at birth, while others are not noticeable until late childhood. Some symptoms caused by DiGeorge syndrome affect facial appearance, such as low set ears, underdeveloped chin, small†¦show more content†¦The deletion of chromosome 22 plays a crucial role in the development of a person. Since the major functions of the body are affected, daily life of someone diagnosed with DiGeorge syndrome has an underdeveloped reading and sp elling comprehension. By the ause of low-average spelling and reading cognition, children with DGS have different learning environments in school. Children with this syndrome have to be put in special classes, because they learn on different, slower levels. On the severity of the disorder, some children have special courses and classes in school so they can reach their full potential. Daily life of someone diagnosed with DGS can vary on the criticalness of the disorder (Simon). Daily life of someone affected with DiGeorge syndrome can result in many different variations. Someone with DGS also have high levels of memory loss. Memory loss would include short term activities, such as the past week. Amnesia occurs mostly in children from the age’s three to eleven, and with maturity, people’s memory will strengthen. Since DGS affects major body functions, someone with the syndrome have slowed motor abilities. As a result of slowed motor abilities, people also have low muscl e tone with causes them to be inactive. Because of the low muscle tone, DGS makes it difficult for someone to perform normal athletic abilities, such as running. As a result of inactiveness;Show MoreRelatedThe Deaths Of Tetralogy Of Fallot1240 Words   |  5 Pagesquite rare with only five out of every 10,000 developing it at birth (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2011). It is still important to be familiar with. One reason for the need of understanding the disease is that of all congenital heart disorders it is the one most frequently seen, and the mortality rate is another consideration as 50% will not survive past the age of six should tetralogy of fallot be left untreated (Bhimji Mancini, 2015). Finally, while vast improvements have been madeRead MoreStudy Notes for Advanced Pathophysiology5046 Words   |  21 Pages rate of growth, 3. local invasion, 4. the ability to metastasize Benign tumors- have well-differentiated cells, look like cell of origin, Slow rate of growth (may come to standstill or regress, c/n suppress genetic program for cell proliferation, retains program for normal cell differentiation, grow by expansion, remain localized to origin site, do not have ability to infiltrate, invade or metastasize to distant sites, develop a capsule (creates lineRead MoreCongenital Heart Defects And Infants3105 Words   |  13 Pages(Whaley Wong’s, 1995, pg. 1503). Several genetic factors are also implicated in congenital heart defects, although the influence is multifactorial. The risk of recurrence in families with an affected parent is variable: one to three percent if the father is affected and two to ten percent if the mother is affected. The risk of recurrence in siblings is one to three percent overall. Certain chromosome aberrations, such as Down and Holt-Oram syndromes, are associated with increased risk of cardiacRead MoreChapter 51 Essay4945 Words   |  20 Pagesfungal infection Ans: A Chapter: 51 Client Needs: A-2 Cognitive Level: Application Difficulty: Difficult Integrated Process: Nursing Process Objective: 1 Page and Header: 1562, Phagocytic Dysfunction Feedback: Patients with phagocytic cell disorders may develop severe neutropenia. With the onset of neutropenia the white blood cell count increases and the creatinine clearance decreases. The patient may be prone to a fungal infection but will not present with cellulitis and osteomyelitis. Read MoreFetal Tissues And Its Effects3570 Words   |  15 Pagescells would be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease. More recent breakthroughs show possibilities of the use of fetal tissues for diabetes and an assortment of blood and immune disorders. (Bachoud, 2000) Fetal tissues divide more rapidly than matured tissues, making them better candidates for the experimental medical therapy. (Fackleman,1995) In addition, by using fetal tissues in the transplant, the possibility of the host rejecting

Volcanic and Seismic Events Are Major Pieces of Evidence Towards Free Essays

â€Å"Volcanic and seismic events are major pieces of evidence towards proving that the plate tectonic theory is valid† Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement (40). The theory of plate tectonics explains the structure and motion of the Earth’s lithosphere. The theory states that the Earth’s crust is split into large sections called tectonic plates, and these move relative to one another creating boundaries at which the plates converge, diverge or move past each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Volcanic and Seismic Events Are Major Pieces of Evidence Towards or any similar topic only for you Order Now These plates are either continental or oceanic and are powered by convection currents, which is the circular movement of magma that comes from within the mantle. These currents are powered by the core, which heats the magma, causing it to rise, cool and fall back down. This circular motion causes the plates, which float on the mantle, to move. In 1912, Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, was the first man to state that the continents were once joined in a super continent called Pangaea, conversely he couldn’t explain why and what happened to cause the plates to move apart. He based his theory on the extraordinary fit of the South American and African continent coastlines. Notably the eastern edge of South America and the western edge of Africa showed very similar geological features suggesting that at some point in the Earth’s history the landmasses were joined together. Another indicator that the continents were once distributed differently was geological evidence of glaciations in India – it is unlikely that glaciers could ever reach such low latitudes, but this problem can easily be explained by the theory of continental drift. Fossil distribution also provided some of the earliest evidence for plate tectonics. Interestingly, plant and animal fossils were found on the matching coastlines of South America and Africa. These are now widely separated by the Atlantic Ocean, therefore he reasoned that is physically impossible for most of these organisms to have swum or have been transported across the wide oceans. From this he suggested that the plates were once connected. Unfortunately, at the time of Wegner’s work many of the geophysical tools that are used today did not exist making the theory much more difficult to support. Since the original theory in 1912, newer evidence has appeared which supports the theory. In 1962 Hess studied the age of rocks around the mid-Atlantic ridge. He discovered that the newest rocks were closest to the ridge and the oldest were towards the USA and Caribbean. He therefore reasoned that the earth’s crust was expanding along the oceanic ridges, so it must be shrinking elsewhere. According to Hess, the Atlantic Ocean was expanding while the Pacific Ocean was shrinking. The old oceanic crust was consumed in the trenches causing new magma to rise and erupt along the spreading ridges to form a new crust. He explained why the earth doesn’t get bigger with sea floor spreading and why there is so little sediment accumulation on the ocean floor, and why oceanic rocks are so much younger than continental ones. Paleomagnetism is one of the strongest pieces of evidence for plate tectonic theory and was developed to convince scientists of the theories validity. Basalt lava forms volcanoes when it rises to the surface, cools and then forms land. When new crust is formed certain minerals align themselves with the Earth’s magnetic field. Fascinatingly, new technology has shown that the magnetic field of the Earth is known to reverse every few hundred thousand years. So this implies new material is constantly being produced and the sea floor is spreading. However, as the Earth is not changing in size, material is being destroyed in other areas which are called subduction zones, and the position of the Earth’s crust must be constantly changing. Seismic activity can also tell us a great deal about plate tectonics. Plotting the locations of large earthquakes allows us to see where they most frequently occur. Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. The plates move past each other which causes friction causing pressure to build up resulting in sudden jolts. This only happens on plate boundaries meaning areas that lie on them experience the most intense earthquakes. The fact that earthquakes appear in connected lines as opposed to clusters is good evidence for the theory of global plate tectonics. Volcanic events are also useful as they provide good evidence for the theory of plate tectonics. Similarly to earthquakes, plotting the locations of active volcanoes on a map of the world will also be useful as it will show a similar pattern. The three main places where volcanoes are created are at subduction zones, constructive plate boundaries and in hotspots, with around 75% of the world’s volcanoes being located on the ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’. The area where two plates converge is called a subduction zone, here one plate is pushed underneath the other due to differing in density. This results in magma rising up to form volcanoes or volcanic island arcs. At constructive plate boundaries, new material is created by magma rising through the crack. The fact that volcanoes in certain areas have different types of eruption provides good evidence for plate tectonic theory. All the above reasons suggest that the theory is valid. However, there are some anomalies which go against the theory. Not all volcanoes occur on plate boundaries, some occur on hotspots which are areas where the mantle is particularly hot, causing it to rise and create volcanoes on the crust above. This suggests that plate tectonics theory may not be valid as volcanoes can exist without the theory being correct. Hawaii is a notable example of an active hotspot – the islands are volcanic yet lie in the middle of the Pacific plate. It is part of a chain of extinct volcanic islands in the Pacific Ocean which decrease in both age and size as you move north-west. Since the hotspot is created by the underlying mantle this suggests that the crust is moving over this hotspot meaning the volcanoes eventually become extinct and eroded away. Since Wegener’s first theory, there is now a great deal of evidence to support the theory of plate tectonics. Seismic and volcanic events can provide lots of evidence to support the theory, although much of it requires tools which were not available when the theory was first developed such as accurate methods of mapping earthquakes. This made it difficult to prove the theory of plate tectonics as there were no hard facts. Although others may disagree, there are large amounts of evidence to prove the theory and so in my opinion the theory is a valid method. How to cite Volcanic and Seismic Events Are Major Pieces of Evidence Towards, Essay examples

Wal

Wal-Marts organizational structure consists Essay Organizational structure may be defined as the system of relations that subsist among a variety to positions and position holders. Formal structure is a blueprint of relations that has been knowingly deliberated and put into action, It includes a formal chain of command of power as well as policies and procedures and other premeditated attempts to control conduct, Wall-Marts organizational structure consists of a divisional structure. A divisional structure has three different categories in which are product structure, market Truckee, and geographic structure. Wall-Mart falls under market structure. This is where groups function by types of customers so that each division contains the functions it needs to service a specific segment Of the market (p. SYS, George, Jones). For example Wall-Mart offers vision, pharmacy, haircuts, grocery, crafts, clothes, electronics, house wares and etc Organizational design Organizational design is the process by which managers select and manage various dimensions and components of organizational structure and culture o that an organization can achieve its goals (p. SYS, George, Jones). The organizational design of Wall-Mart both helps and hinders organizational goals. Its strengths are that they offer products to all different types to satisfy a Vass array of customers or you could call it a one-stop shop, It provides its customers with huge discounts tort items that are to good quality, which is good for the higher income working class and low prices help the lower income working class. Weaknesses Wall-Marts weaknesses are their incapability to gain knowledge of and acclimatize themselves to intercontinental and worldwide civilization, therefore not learning the general public, politics and legal matters. If I were to change this organization, I would consider working on a way to gain the cultural knowledge Of What everyone wants, not just individuals. By doing this feel it would complete a really great organization in completing its overall goals and accomplish a great deal. Change; The good, bad and ugly The advantages of organizational change are that when you change your company you are doing so to make improvements. To update and bring forth your organization in which in return can bring in more profit. The disadvantages of organizational change are the fact that nobody likes change and employees can be very hard to convince this is the best way to go. So even though you are doing better for the organization it can be long tough road ahead for getting it the way it needs to be.